THE ENGLISH – INDONESIAN TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN THE NOVEL “TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” BY HARPER LEE

This research aims to (1) find the kinds of figurative language used To Kill a Mockingbird novel, (2) find out the kinds of translation methods applied by the translator in translating To Kill a Mockingbird novel, and (3) find out the most dominant translation method in translating To Kill a Mockingbird novel. The result of the research shows that there are 294 figurative languages found in the novel based on the types of figurative language that focused on six types namely simile with 20% (70), metaphor 23% (69), hyperbole 21 % (63), personification 20% (59), metonymy 11% (31) and synecdoche 1% (2). This shows that the role of metaphor is dominant than the other figurative languages. Meanwhile, from 294 figurative languages, it was found that there were 3 kinds of translation method out of 8 kinds proposed by Newmark, namely literal, free and communicative translation method. There are 195 literal methods (66%), 58 communicative methods (20%) and 41 free methods (14) were used in translating the figurative language in the novel. Thus, the most dominant translation methods used by the translator is literal method translation.


Introduction
Nowadays, it is not a new scene for us to see many translated books in the book store. It starts from science books, biographies, novels, modern science and comics which are originally written in English. When we enter into a famous bookstore, especially in the big cities, we will see many translated books on the display shelves. Books like Harry Potter, Twilight, The Chronicle of Narnia and Lord of the Ring were a big hit worldwide, available in English and Indonesian.
Translated books are like an open window for those who do not speak the language such as English. It is a big help for the readers who do not have the capability to speak a foreign language.
Translation helps people to understand texts from different languages. Newmark (1988:5) states that translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended in the text. Translation with the correct structure is useless without meaning. The role of translator is very important because he or she has to understand the source language from which he or she wants to translate the message properly into the target language. The translator also has to understand the culture of the people who use the source language so that he or she can consider the aspect in translating a text into the target language properly.
One of the materials that a translator must have is a wide knowledge to translate and render the message of the target language is novel. Novel is a literary work which contains a style of language to attract the interest and attention of the readers. It describes something by using the unusual comparisons, for the effect, interest, and to make it clearer. The use of figurative language makes the sentences in literary works seem different from common sentences in the literal meaning.
Figurative language is simply a colorful way to express an otherwise boring statement. The figurative languages in a novel have to be translated well to serve a meaningful and readable story to make the readers understand the meaning of figurative languages in their languages. To make it readable and meaningful, the figurative languages in a novel have to be translated to the target language well. In this way, the readers get the messages in the novel.
To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel written by Harper Lee from Alabama. It was first published in 1960 and became both an instant bestseller and critical success. This novel has become a masterpiece and plays an important part in American literature. It consists of various figurative languages to make the story more real and interesting. Probably, the native readers can understand easily the figurative languages in this novel. However, if this novel is translated into another language, like Indonesian language, the translator must be successful in translating these figurative languages and in rendering the message from source language novel to the target language. This is the translator's duty to bridge the gap between the culture of source language and the target language.
So far, this novel has been translated into more than forty languages including Indonesian language, sold more than thirty million copies worldwide. As a literary work translation, this novel was translated by an Indonesian translator, Femmy Syahrani. Translating literary work means changing, reducing or adding anything based on the original novel (SL) proven by the amount of the translation work pages (TL) compared with the amount of original work pages. The original novel (SL) consists of 376 pages and Femmy Syahrani translated it into 396 pages. It means that there are subtractions or addition made in translating the original work of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. For this research, the researcher used the Femmy Syahrani's translated work, fourth edition which was published by Qanita in 2015.
This research is analyzed the translation method used in translating figurative languages employing the theory proposed by Newmark and theory of figurative language by Perrine. The research aimed to identified the figurative language, the translation method, and the most dominant translation method used in translating the figurative languages.

Literature Review Translation
There are some definitions proposed by experts in this field. Catford (1965) defines translation as a replacement of meaning from a source language to the target language. Meanwhile, Newmark (1988:6) said "translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text". Larson (1984:3) stated "translation is basically change of form from Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL) that refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraph etc which is spoken or written." From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translating deals with replacing, rendering and changing the messages from one language to another which is spoken or written. It covers meaning, form of language, equivalences and cultural context. Therefore, a translator needs to have a good understanding not only in mastering the materials that she/he translating but also everything that is related to the two languages.

Translation Methods
In translating, the translator may face problems in transferring the meaning from SL text to the TL text. It occurs whether in term of grammatical structure, cultural aspect, lexicon, communication situation, style of language of both languages. Newmark (1998:81) stated that translation methods are related to the whole text. Moreover, there are eight translation methods in translating text. Translation can be done by choosing one of the eight methods. The methods are categorized into two: four of them are oriented in source language (SL emphasis) and the other are oriented in Target Language (TL emphasis). a. Word for word translation Newmark (1988:45) state that word for word translation method is often demonstrated as interlinear translation with the TL is below the SL words. The SL word order is preserved and can only be applied when the SL words and TL words has same language structure. b. Literal Translation In literal translation the SL grammar construction are converted to nearest equivalent of the TL but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. Literal translation must use an acceptable sentence structure in TL and it could be translated sentence by sentence. The composition of words slightly altered so it does not conflict with the TL grammar structure. c. Faithful A faithful translate attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of TL grammatical structures. It 'transfers' cultural words and preserve the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality (deviation from SL norms) in translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.

d. Semantic Translation
Semantic translation differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromising on 'meaning' where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. e. Adaptation Translation This is the 'freest' form of translation. It used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the SL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have 'rescued' period plays. The SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten. f. Free Translation Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of original g. Idiomatic Translation Idiomatic translation reproduces 'message' of the original but tend to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idiom where these do not exist in the original. h. Communicative Translation Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. Communicative translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a particular register of language. It is also tending to be the ideal translation of the informative and vocative text.

Figurative Language
Figurative language is often regarded as a synonym of language style but actually figurative language belongs to language style. The use of figurative language creates the literary works to have high art value. This style of language makes the language more interesting and poetic. The aim of figurative language is to give clarity because it explains about the comparison of the different things which has meaning behind its expression.
According to Perrine ( Based on Perrine's theory, there are several kinds of figurative language. There are simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche and metonymy. All of them usually are common in written text. a. Simile Simile is the figurative language which is used as a means of comparing things that is essential unlike. According to Perrine (2012:73), the comparison in simile is expressed by the use of some words or phrase, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles or seems. b. Metaphor Metaphor, like simile, is the figurative language which is used as a means of comparing things that is essentially unlike. It compares two subjects without the use of "like" or "as" c. Personification Personification is a figurative language where the attributes of a human being is given to an animal and object or a concept (Perrine, 2012:78). d. Hyperbole Hyperbole is simply an exaggeration, but an exaggeration in the service of truth (Perrine, 2012: 101). It tells more than the truth about the size, numbers or degree of something without intending to deceive e. Synecdoche According to Perrine (2012:79), synecdoche is the use of the part for the whole. The use of the part for the whole by stating significant detail only to simplify what is being talked about. Synecdoche is figurative language which used a part of something to refer to the whole entity or a whole entity is used to refer to part of something f. Metonymy Metonymy is a figurative language which substitutes one term with another that being associated with the term. It is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant (Perrine, 2012:79). There is no meaning relationship between things being compared. It is a thing or concept that is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. A metonymy is typically a large part of a whole.

Method
The researcher applied descriptive qualitative research in this research. This method requires the analysis of the data based on theory in order to get the best result. According to Hancock (2007), qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. It aims to help us to understand the social world in which people live and why things are the way they are. It is also focuses on description and interpretation and might lead to development of new concepts or theory, or to an evaluation of an organizational process. Therefore, this study is designed in descriptive qualitative research because the purpose of the study is to describe the translation methods used by the translator in translating figurative languages in To Kill a Mockingbird novel and the most dominant methods found in the novel.
The data of this research were the phrase, clause and sentences which contain figurative language in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and its Indonesian translation by Femmy Syahrani. There are several steps in collecting the data used by the researcher. The first step was reading the whole text of literatures about figurative language and translation methods also reading the novel To Kill a Mockingbird in both version. Second step was highlighting and identifying the sentences that contain figurative language. Third step is collecting the data of figurative language. Fourth step is classifying the gained data based on each characteristic of figurative language. Fifth step is juxtaposing the gained data between original version and translated version. Sixth step is coding the obtain data to facilitate the researcher when analyzing and entering data.

Finding and Discussion
Based on the results of data analysis of the figurative language, it was found that there are 294 figurative languages used in To Kill a Mockingbird that can be seen in the table below. According to Perrine, there are 13 kinds of figurative language but the researcher only used 6 out of 13 figurative languages because she limited the scope of figurative language types. Table 1 shows that the researcher found 294 figurative which consist of 69 metaphors, 70 similes, 59 personifications, 63 hyperboles, 31 metonymies and 2 synecdoche. This result shows that metaphor is the most dominant type of figurative language.
According to Newmark (1988:64), there are eight translation methods in translating text. The researcher found 3 types among 8 types of translation methods after analyzing the data. The number of translation method used in translating figurative language can be seen in the following table: After analyzing the translation of the figurative language, it was found that there are 3 types of translation methods applied in To Kill A Mockingbird novel. Namely literal, free and communicative methods. It can be seen from the table 5 that literal translation method is the most dominant method with 195 data (66%), communicative method with 58 data (20%) and the least method is free translation method with 41 data (14%).
The Kind of Figurative Language found in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird a. Simile Simile is the comparison which is expressed by the use of some words or phrases, such as: like, as, similar to, resembles or seems (Perrine, 1977:61-64). For example: They were people but they lived like animal (Data 3.16) It is called simile because the utterance uses the word like to connect the word being compared. In this quotation, simile is seen as the comparison how people, refers to the Ewell's family, live like animal.

b. Personification
A metaphor means comparing things that are essentially unlike without any connective word showing comparison, e.g. like, as, etc (Perrine,1977:61-64). For example: She was not fat but solid, and she choose protective garments that drew up her bosom to giddy heights, pinched in her waist, flare out her rear, and managed to suggest that aunt Alexandra's was once an hour glass figure. (Data 13.3) "An hour glass figure" is one of four females body shapes. A woman with an hour glass shape will have small waist, large breast and wider hips or curved, making her body look like an hourglass. It is used to describe a fully figurate woman and how Aunt Alexandra keeps her figure right. c. Metaphor Personification exists in giving attributes of a human being to an animal, an object or a concept (Perrine, 1977:61-64). It can be seen in the example below: Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first know it. It called personification because it visualizes Maycomb city as human being. "Old" and "tired" which are human-like qualities is used to describe how slow Maycomb is. d. Hyperbole Hyperbole is simply an exaggeration in the service of truth (Perrine,2012). For example: "The world's endin', Atticus! Please do something." This belongs to hyperbole because it contained excessive meaning such as the world is ending. This sentence is a hyperbole of Scout's reaction when she saw the snow falling in Maycomb. She thought the world is ending as she saw strange objects falling from the sky, something that she never saw before. e. Metonymy Metonymy is a figurative language which substitute one term with another that being associated with the term. it is use of something closely related for the thing actually meant (Perrine, 2012:79). For example: Jem and I thought this is a strange way to ask for a lady's hand in marriage, but then Uncle Jack was rather strange.
This sentence belongs to metonymy because a lady's hand has close meaning with proposing a lady. Ask for lady's hand for marriage is refers to permission for a man to marry a particular woman. f. Synecdoche Synecdoche is the use of the part for the whole (Perrine, 2012:79). It is use as a part of something to refer to whole entity or a whole entity is used to refer to part of something. For example: Atticus paused, then he did something he didn't ordinarily do. He unhitched his watch and chain and placed them on the table saying, "With the court permission-. This is identified as synecdoche which taken from chapter 20. According to Merriam-Webster electronic dictionary, court is a place where legal cases are heard. In this sentence, the court used by Mr. Finch is to represent the whole court including all the people, jury and the judge.

The Kinds of Translation Method used in translating To Kill a Mockingbird novel a. Literal Translation Method
In literal translation, the SL grammar constructions are converted to the nearest equivalent of the TL but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context (Newmark, 1988:64). For example: SL: They were people but they lived like animals. TL: Mereka manusia tetapi hidup seperti binatang. In this simile, the translator uses the literal translation method as in accordance with the principle of literal translation that has the primary meaning of the same but slightly modified wording so that it can be accepted by the reader.
They Newmark (1988: 46) states that free translation is part of in TL emphasis which reproduce the matter without manner, or the content without the form of original. For example: SL= They say they clean-living folks TL= Katanya mereka hidup bersih The translator translated the sentence above using free translation method because the meaning of TL is different from SL. The phrase "clean-living" is translated freely by the translator into "hidup bersih" because she translated it out of the original context of the sentence. The meaning of "cleanliving" is to define how a person live in the society, for example religious person can be considered as a clean-living person. c. Communicative Translation Method Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. For example: SL:"Let's not let our imagination run away with us, dear." TL: "Kita tak boleh berkhayal terlalu liar, sayang." From the quotations above, the translator was trying to modify the translation into more understandable sentence. The definition of "runaway" is "to leave quickly" is modified by the translator into "liar". The translated word is more common than the words on source text. It was done by the translator so the reader can easily understand the sentence.

Conclusion
Figurative language and translation method both has an important position in the study of literature, particularly the study of translation. Figurative language and translation method cannot be understood easily. Thus, related example and supportive theory is needed during the analysis to determine the type of figurative language and the translation method used by the translator.
From the result about the dominant translation method used by the translator, it can be concluded that the translator tended to translate the figurative language literally. She did not emphasize in the figurative languages translation close to or match the target language