AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES USED IN TRANSLATING CULTURAL CATEGORIES IN BROWN’S ORIGIN INTO INDONESIAN

The objectives of this study are (1) to identify some cultural categories used in the novel entitled Origin by Dan Brown and its Indonesian version and (2) to describe the translation techniques used in translating cultural terms found in the novel entitled Origin by Dan Brown and its Indonesian version. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data were gathered by document analysis of words, phrase and sentences found in the Origin novel and its Indonesian translation that contain cultural categories. The researcher used some theories by Newmark, Molina and Albir, and Nida and Taber to analyze the data related to the cultural terms and the translation techniques. The results showed that there were 112 data which were divided into five kinds of cultural categories proposed by Newmark theory namely (1) ecology, (2) material culture, (3) social culture, (4) organizations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts and (5) gestures and habits. Meanwhile, there were 16 types of translation techniques found in 222 data in translating those cultural categories. The translation techniques were namely (1) Addition, (2) Adaptation, (3) Amplification, (4) Borrowing, (5) Compensation, (6) Description, (7) Deletion, (8) Discursive Creation, (9) Established Equivalence, (10) Generalization, (11) Literal, (12) Modulation, (13) Particularization, (14) Reduction, (15) Transposition, (16) Variation. In addition, the most dominant translation technique used by the translator was borrowing technique.


Introduction
Communication plays an important role for delivering and finding information even expressing the emotion. In communication process, people use language to express their ideas and feeling in order to keep in touch with others. Language is an important means of human communication, either spoken or written form used by people in the world. Here, English is an international language which is spoken and written by a wide range of people throughout the world. In spite of English as the international language, every society has different language to communicate in their daily life dependent on their cultures and places.
Translation is the process of changing language form without changing the meaning of a text. It is a viewed as a process of transferring the meanings or messages from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). A translator must consider the equivalence and appropriate words according to the target language culture which can be easily understood by the readers. A good translator needs to have certain skills to transfer the translation text which involve determining the methods, types, techniques and others. Molina and Albir (2002: 509) defined translation techniques as procedures to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. Techniques can also provide the translator with useful insights into target language structures.
In translation process, there are some problems faced by the translator when identifying some words especially in English literary work. In a novel, the readers often find many kinds of cultural words in the source text which are unfamiliar with the ones in the target text. Here, cultural words are used as a particular language form in creating the literary work. The translator can deliver the equivalent meaning of cultural words into one language form so that it can be accepted into the target language.
Considering the explanation above, the researcher analyzed the translation techniques used in translating cultural categories of novel entitled Origin written by Dan Brown and its Indonesian translation translated by a group named Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno, Reinitha Amalia Lasmana, and Dyah Agustine. Origin is one of popular novels written by Dan Brown. In translating process, several modifications are commonly found. So, not all of the words can be simply translated. There are some parts that seem unfamiliar with the target language in Indonesian cultures. As a result, she described the translation techniques used in translating cultural categories of Origin novel into Indonesian.

Literature Review
Language is a set of structured meaning either spoken or written by people in certain ways to convey the messages. In a process of learning other language, people need to acquire translation. Newmark (1988: 5) states that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Besides, Dubois (in Bell, 1991: 5) says "translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences". In this case, translation plays an important role for the readers in order to understand the meaning of source information using their own language.
According to Jakobson (2002: 223), translation is divided into some categories or types namely intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic translation. This study focused on interlingual translation which is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages. Interlingual translation has significance differences language forms since it needs to focus on two different languages in translation process.
According to Shuttleworth & Cowie (1997:181), translation is divided into process and product. Considering the translation as a product, Nord (1992:28) states that translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanding function of a target language. Product of translation can be identified through the techniques used by the translator in transferring the meaning in the target text. The techniques used in the translation product can determine how the target text can be successfully translated.
A successful translation can be seen from the transfer of equivalent meaning or message from source language to the target language. There are many kinds of translation techniques. Molina and Albir (2002: 509-511) proposed eighteen ways of translation techniques, meanwhile in this study the researcher took two of the translation techniques proposed by Nida and Taber (1969). These techniques aim to analyze how the result of translation function related to the corresponding unit in the source text (Molina and Albir, 2002: 499). The translation techniques by those experts can be seen as follows:

Molina and Albir (2002)
1) Adaptation is related to the cultural environment with the source language. It is used when there is no suitable term in the SL culture to be translated. According to Vinay and Darbelnet (2004:  According to Nida (1964), the purpose of addition is to clarify an elliptic expression, to avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change grammatical category, and to add some connectors. In translating the text such as in a novel, there are some aspects that should be understood by a translator especially in the cultural terms contained in the novel. Newmark (1988:94) defines culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as a means of expression. People living in other countries certainly have different cultures. The unfamiliar cultural words can cause problem for the readers to understand the information in the source text. Here, Newmark  (Newmark, 1988: 102). For example if people smile little when someone dies. In another case, there are some activities or actions carried out from generation to generation such as kerja bakti, mitoni, etc

Method
This research belongs to descriptive qualitative method. The researcher employed documentation to collect the data. The data were collected from words, phrases, and sentences from the novel entitled Origin written by Dan Brown and its Indonesian translation translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno, Reinitha Amalia Lasmana, and Dyah Agustine. Related to the data collection technique, the researcher did some steps; 1) reading the novel both English and Indonesian version to identify and understand the equivalence words used in translating the target text 2) comparing both language texts to analyze the cultural categories translation stated in the text 3) finding out the suitable translation techniques of the target text after analyzing the cultural word according to the theories and 4) writing down the table to classify the data that have been collected and giving the explanation.

The cultural categories as the translation unit
Based on the data analysis, there were five kinds of cultural categories according to Newmark's theory stated in the novel. The numbers of data found in this research were 112 cultural terms. The categories were divided into 1) ecology, 2) material culture, 3) social culture, 4) organization, customs, activities, procedures, concepts, and 5) gestures and habits. The classification number of the data was presented in the following From the data above, the most dominant cultural categories found in the novel was material culture with the percentage 38.9%, while the least of the data was social cultural with the percentage 4.4%.

Translation techniques used in translating cultural categories
The summary of the data analysis in finding out the translation techniques was presented in the following table:  Nida & Taber (1969), discursive creation and particularization technique (1) were the least number while borrowing technique (76) was the most frequently appeared. The most dominant translation technique (borrowing) showed that the translators often put the loan word from the source text into the target text because it was the easiest one in the translation process. In other words, cultural categories were often found in the borrowing technique both pure and naturalized borrowing.
In this part, the researcher elaborated some data to be discussed. It explained that desert/padang gurun, and oasis/oase, were the place that was not available in Indonesian natural environment. In addition, they were the kinds of cultural ecology in plains which described the situation in Arabian country. In the sentence above, there was specific transportation that often used in Spain (source text) named yellow water taxi. Yellow water taxi or water bus is a watercraft used to provide public or private transport. So, it was the kind of material culture of transportation based on the text. The sentence showed that there was a special event or activity named The Grishneshwar Temple drop in Indian refers to the religious culture which is found in the certain country. Pyramids are the symbol of religion or spiritual culture in Egypt. Besides, there will be some activities that usually do in that place such the worship of the king. The sentence explained about an action of the bishop to appreciate something and he asked to the others to do that. It was the kind of act or attitude showed by someone because of his/her position or status in the certain situation. Rice cakes was transformed become berondong beras by the translators as the adaptation technique in order to make the readers more understand about the specific meaning that accordance with Indonesian foods.

Addition
Excerpt 7 SL "Hip,' I believe, is the word?" (page 8) TL "Sepertinya, 'perlente' adalah kata yang tepat?" (page 14) The translator put the word sepertinya and kata yang tepat in the target text to explain the next word meaning so that the readers can get the information completely. The translators introduced additional information about thawb meaning in the target text. It was used to give more explanation and introduce about the definition of that cloth term.

Excerpt 9
SL He still wore his ceremonial robes and was seated at his office laptop, (page 169)

TL
Dia masih mengenakan jubah seremonial dan duduk memandang laptop kantornya. (page 132) Pure borrowing: the translators still used the word of laptop in the target text to name the term since there was no equivalent word to state the meaning. In other word, there was no different spelling and sound to state the word. Naturalized borrowing: the translators loaned the word of ceremonial as seremonial in the target text to name the term since there was no equivalent word to state the meaning. In here, there was different spelling stated in the target text.

Compensation
Excerpt 10 SL Any man can stay sober in a desert, he mused, but only the loyal can sit in an oasis and refuse to part his lips. (page 26)

TL
Siapa pun bisa menahan untuk tidak meminum alkohol di padang gurun,pikirnya, tetapi hanya lelaki teguh yang bisa duduk di sebuah oase dan menolak meminumnya. (page 28) There were three words in stating the compensation techniques. First, stay sober was translated into tidak meminum alkohol because the translators wanted to find out the equivalent meaning in the target text although there was no correlation about those two terms in the original meaning. Second, the loyal was translated into lelaki teguh. Then, part his lips was translated into menolak meminumnya which had the same purposes such previous examples although the use was out of the original meaning Actually, there was you have the stated in the source text, however, the translators did not put that information and just made it was more simple than the source text. They just put adalah allamah terhormat in the target text. The translators put and introduced additional description about the vultures meaning in the target text. It was used to give more explanation about the definition of that animal term. The translators put the meaning of Gaps as Kesenjangan in the TT. It explained that they put the translation meaning based on the context of its name which stated about God of the Gaps/Dewa Kesenjangan. The translators changed the meaning of the Great Synagogue became Sinagoge Agung that identified as the name of a building. It had the meaning that it was accordance on the context of a name. So, it was related to the stylistic style in translating the meaning. The translators used word for word translation to state the equivalent meaning of the target text. They just wrote down the meaning and then modified some words. In here, this technique was often used if the source text did not contain complicated meaning in stating the information. In the sentence above, the translators put the meaning of off-key became suara sumbang in order to get the equivalence meaning with using cognitive category based on the context of the text. The translators put the specific information of beneath the mountain became perut gunung to show the specific meaning in understanding the target text. In the sentence above, the translators made the shorter meaning of had even gone so far as to became bahkan membandingkan in the TT. They tried to minimize the meaning with using other words that still related to the ST. The translators transformed the use of words the seasonal change into perubahan menjadi. In here, the meaning of change as the verb class in this sentence was changed into noun class of perubahan in the target text. In this case, the technique was used to find the equivalence meaning in the target text although the real meaning of these words did not reflect those translation products. Here, the translators more focused in the use of language style and got the appropriate translation meaning in the target text.

Conclusion
Based on the research findings, the researcher found that there were five kinds of cultural categories proposed by Newmark found in the Origin novel written by Dan Brown into Indonesian namely 1) ecology, 2) material culture, 3) social culture, 4) organizations, customs, activities, procedures, and 5) gestures and habits. The highest rank of the cultural categories found in the novel was material culture which represented 44 data. Meanwhile, the least of the data showed in social culture which represented 5 data.
Furthermore, the research finding also concluded that there were 16 kinds of translation technique used in this study. These techniques were used based on the cultural terms found in the novel. The translation techniques were namely 1) adaptation, 2) addition, 3) amplification, 4) borrowing, 5) compensation, 6) deletion, 7) description, 8) discursive creation, 9) established equivalent, 10) generalization, 11) literal translation, 12) modulation, 13) particularization, 14) reduction, 15) transposition, and 16) variation. This study showed that the most dominant translation techniques used by the translators was borrowing which represented 76 data (34.2%) while the lowest rank of translation techniques was discursive creation and particularization which only had one evidence (0.4%). In other words, in Origin novel and its Indonesian translation, the translators often borrowed the words from the source text to the target text since it will be acceptable and easy to understand by the readers. In addition, borrowing technique is the easiest translation technique where the translator does not need to find deep equivalence meaning using other words into the target text.